Right v. Left: the Constrained Vision versus the Unconstrained Vision. By Emile Phaneuf.
Why do beliefs cluster the way they do?
If someone believes that only police and military should have guns, why is that person also likely to support socialized healthcare and a government-imposed minimum wage, and be unsupportive of school vouchers? In his 1987 book A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles, economist Thomas Sowell put forth two conflicting visions of man that he believes explain many of the underlying reasons for the clustering of beliefs.
In what he terms the “constrained vision,” man is by nature flawed, selfish, and limited. Under the constrained vision, man seeks to deal with his flaws and excesses by establishing institutions of restraint: the separation of powers, constitutions, etc. Those who employ the constrained vision see abuses of power by leaders like Napoleon Bonaparte as inevitable. For this reason, limitations must be placed on power and on the institutions themselves so that it is more difficult for any individual to abuse them. The idea is to decentralize power so that man’s flaws are not catastrophic.
The “unconstrained vision,” by contrast, sees abuses of power as being caused by not having chosen the right leaders or established the right kinds of institutions. “Implicit,” writes Sowell, “is the notion that the potential is very different from the actual, and that means exist to improve human nature toward its potential, or that such means can be evolved or discovered, so that man will do the right thing for the right reason rather than for ulterior psychic or economic rewards.” And central to the unconstrained vision is the notion that human beings are highly malleable; they can be trained in the service of some ideal.
Steven Pinker’s 2002 book The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature builds on much of Sowell’s work. He refers to Sowell’s constrained and unconstrained visions as the “tragic” and “utopian visions,” respectively. Pinker argues that much of the Unconstrained Vision is rooted in the false belief that individuals are born with no pre-programmed software (or innate human nature). This blank slate (or tabula rasa) belief, Pinker claims, was often based on good intentions; after all, if we are born equal in every way, this could also eradicate social and economic concepts of inequality, but the problem is that human behavioral sciences have already demonstrated that the human mind does, in fact, come with certain innate biological programming, which is unique for every individual. …
None of this is to say that a given person cannot hold political beliefs characterized by both visions, as is often the case.
Obviously the unconstrained vision is leftist idealism (really fantasies the left use to manipulate their way to power), while those on the right believe the more realistic constrained vision.
The uniparty buys into the unconstrained vision, and in recent decades here in Australia we have seen the center right party, the Liberals, adopt much of the unconstrained vision.
Last night at the Perth CPAC I heard Andrew Hastie argue that the Liberal Party should abandon the unconstrained vision, and move back to being the champion of the constrained vision. Very impressive! He was light years ahead of the primitive exhortations of the other two Liberal politicians who spoke.

Surprisingly thoughtful, delivered a meaty speech that proposed a successful path forward for the Liberal Party
A bit more on the two visions:
Constrained Vision
A worldview rooted in the belief that human nature is inherently flawed, self-interested, and limited in wisdom and virtue. This vision, also referred to as the “tragic vision,” holds that these limitations are unchangeable and thus must be managed through institutional structures rather than attempted moral or social transformation.
Key characteristics of the constrained vision include:
- Human Nature: People are naturally self-interested and prone to error; moral improvement is not easily achievable through societal design.
- Institutions Over Individuals: Trust is placed in time-tested systems like the rule of law, tradition, markets, and constitutional constraints to manage human flaws.
- Procedural Justice: Emphasis is on fair processes and equal opportunity, not guaranteed equal outcomes.
- Spontaneous Order: Belief that complex social systems—like markets—evolve organically and are more effective than top-down planning.
- Skepticism of Power: Deep caution toward concentrated authority; checks and balances are essential to prevent abuse by leaders or elites.
- Trade-Offs Over Solutions: Acceptance that all policies involve trade-offs; the goal is to minimize harm and maximize stability rather than achieve perfection.
Prominent thinkers associated with this vision include Adam Smith, Edmund Burke, Alexander Hamilton, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. The constrained vision underpins much of classical liberal and conservative political thought, emphasizing empirical evidence, decentralization, and incremental change over radical reform.
Unconstrained Vision
A worldview that sees human nature as malleable and perfectible, believing that people can be guided toward moral and intellectual excellence through education, reason, and enlightened leadership. This vision, also referred to as the “utopian vision,” holds that societal problems stem not from inherent human flaws, but from flawed institutions, unjust systems, or inadequate policies. Advocates of the unconstrained vision trust in expert-driven, top-down solutions and believe that complex social issues — like poverty, inequality, or war — can be eradicated through rational planning and deliberate reform.
Key characteristics include:
- Belief in the potential for human improvement and the idea that people are fundamentally good.
- Disbelief in the inevitability of conflict, trade-offs, or systemic limitations.
- Preference for centralized decision-making by knowledgeable elites or experts.
- Emphasis on equal outcomes rather than equal rules.
- Faith in articulated rationality and abstract moral ideals over tradition or spontaneous order.
- View of institutions as problems to be redesigned, not as evolved systems of wisdom.
Sowell associates this vision with utopian ideals, often linked to progressive or left-leaning ideologies. He critiques it for dismissing the complexity of social systems and underestimating unintended consequences.
Sowell refers to those who embody the unconstrained vision as the “self-anointed” — individuals who believe they possess superior insight and moral authority to shape society. This vision often underpins calls for radical social change, social justice as a moral imperative, and policies that seek to eliminate disparities through redistribution or regulation.











